CLl-PAST-OBJ

sixteen tu The latest REFLEXIVE PREFIX For the ZULU – A good TYPOLOGICAL Perspective Sonja E. Bosch In this post I’ll take a look at the fresh new root of one’s reflexive prefix into the Zulu, spending special attention for the procedure of grammaticalization for which lexemes develop into grammatical formatives. Given that reflexivization in some Bantu dialects might be compared, the content will be serwis randkowy filipinocupid in the form of a great typological studies. When you look at the Lehmann s () dialogue of the phenomena being known as reflexive, it is interesting to notice which he takes on four kinds of reflexives, specifically 0) autophoric nouns that are typical nouns eg looks, air, spirit, head that ple, for the Sanscrit the brand new noun dtman definition air, soul, and in Basque, new noun burua definition head, are accustomed to share the equivalent of English care about. Autophoric nouns made use of just like the reflexives usually are accompanied by a good possessive pronoun, as with the next example out of Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani stamina:acc set:area placing stamina inside themselves (ii) reflexive nouns which happen to be nouns declaring the definition care about and absolutely nothing more, like the German selbst me personally and you may Finnish itse due to the fact portrayed regarding the following the instances: 344

17 German (2) Ich komme selbst I am coming me personally Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-quand? want-dos.sg-int solution-acc.pl thinking-all-poss.dos.sg Do you want the fresh passes on your own? When you look at the languages particularly Finnish, Hungarian and you can Turkish reflexive nouns get possessive affixes, while in almost every other languages eg Italian language or perhaps the Romance languages, such nouns aren’t typically combined with possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns having the main aim of it comes back into the niche, including the Italian language sich in: German (4) Sie waschen sich He could be laundry on their own (iv) verbal reflexives which are verb affixes exhibiting that the action somehow influences the topic, like in the following instances: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-see the guy watched themselves Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di boy clean-refl-beyond the guy washed themselves Lehmann () stresses that the limitations between your classes try water and claims why these five kinds of reflexive elements are now actually with the a measure away from growing grammaticalization.

Simply put, it’s possible to see this once the a continuum regarding transform that may feel depicted the following: 345

18 Lexical items Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) provides instances in different dialects to show the alterations that have took place or are nevertheless going on from a single category to help you the following. The whole process of alter are affirmed because of the Faltz () whom, for his morphological distinction between two chief variety of reflexives, particularly NP-reflexives which could include an affordable morpheme acting as direct of the reflexive noun terms, and you can verbal reflexives, comprising reflexive pronouns which are cliticized on the verb, remarks: Dialects get change from that pole to your other, actually, including course try always on NP-reflexive rod with the spoken reflexive pole. Within the Zulu reflexiveness is knew as a good prefix and this in person precedes new verb stem. The reflexive prefix try invariable in shape, meaning that it’s a beneficial morphological profile and that remains ongoing regardless of the class to which the antecedent belongs. This is certainly obviously represented from the following examples for the Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya the fresh-child he-himself hit the son hit himself (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini the fresh new-woman she-herself-find in-reflect The woman sees herself in the reflect During these advice -zi- is the reflexive morpheme while the strategies from struck and determine was led right back abreast of the fresh new respective grammatical sufferers, that is, kid and you may lady. It is fascinating one to during the generative training, a life threatening belief is made toward hidden framework away from phrases that has had reflexives, specifically NP1 – V – NP1. On the surface, such as for instance a property was ungrammatical regarding Bantu dialects when your one or two NPs is co-referential and you can similar in shape, age.grams. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho duped Sipho From inside the Zulu such as a phrase is done grammatical by insertion out-of a great reflexive prefix on verb and you may the fresh removal of one’s co-referential noun. elizabeth.g. 346